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Jogaila, or Władysław II Jagiełło〔For the sake of simplicity, this article uses the Lithuanian form ''Jogaila'' for the early period of his life and the Polish form ''Władysław'' for the period following his accession to the Polish throne.〕 (ca.1351/1361–1434), was a Grand Duke of Lithuania and from 1386 Queen Jadwiga's husband and ''jure uxoris'' King of Poland. In Lithuania, he held the title ''Didysis Kunigaikštis'', translated as Grand Duke or Grand Prince (''kunigaikštis'' is a cognate of ''König'' and ''king'', and ''didysis'' magnifies it).〔See Rowell, 65-69, for the nature of ''didysis kunigaikštis'' in practice.〕 He is known under a number of names: (リトアニア語:Jogaila Algirdaitis); (ポーランド語:Władysław II Jagiełło); (ベラルーシ語:Jahajła (Ягайла)). As a monarch who ruled two states under different names and who used a number of titles, particularly in Lithuania, Jogaila has been accorded a variety of designations in history books. The study of his names and titles sheds light on the nature of sovereignty in both Lithuania and Poland and on the balance of power between the two states in the early days of the Polish-Lithuanian unions. ==Ruler of Lithuania== Jogaila's father Algirdas was supreme ruler of Lithuania and ruled the country with his brother, Kęstutis, the Duke of Trakai; after Algirdas's death in 1377, his son Jogaila ruled in the same way with Kęstutis, but this arrangement between the two relatives soon came under strain. Jogaila began his reign in the eastern part of Lithuania, the duchy where his father had ruled, which bordered on territories of former Kievan Rus, and he left the government of the western duchy to his uncle Kęstutis, who ruled from his castle at Trakai. Jogaila ruled many more Russian subjects than Lithuanian, and his titles often reflected this. The tradition of coregency among Lithuanian rulers enabled them to simultaneously pursue a western policy towards Poland and the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights and an eastern one towards the Russian powers, for example the Principality of Moscow, the Novgorod Republic, and the Pskov Republic. The Principality of Moscow, especially after Prince Dmitri's defeat of the Golden Horde at the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380, posed a particular threat to Lithuania and Jogaila's rule. Though Jogaila was much younger than Kęstutis, he inherited the title "Grand Duke", while Kęstutis continued to hold the title "Duke of Trakai". But then, in 1380, Kęstutis overthrew Jogaila and assumed the title of Grand Duke for himself.〔 Kęstutis seized Vilnius, the seat of the grand dukes. A year later, Jogaila raised an army from his father's vassals and won back the title, the aging Kęstutis dying soon afterwards in the Kreva Castle under mysterious circumstances, leaving his son Vytautas to continue the power struggle against Jogaila. The tradition of dual rule had become established among the Lithuanian dukes, enabling them to contain the Teutonic Knights in the west while pursuing expansionism in the east. There had been previous joint reigns between Dausprungas and Mindaugas, Pukuveras and Butigeidis, Vytenis and Gediminas, Jaunutis and Kęstutis, as well as between Algirdas and Kęstutis.〔 The nature of this Lithuanian dual rule, as also practised between Jogaila and Kęstutis and later between Jogaila and Vytautas, is difficult to define precisely. According to the historian S.C.Rowell, it "reflects political expediency; it certainly does not meet the formal definition of diarchy as 'rule by two independent authorities'...those two leaders were not equal: the grand duke in Vilnius was supreme". From Algirdas, Jogaila inherited a mixed array of styles, as recorded in different Catholic documents, to indicate his status as supreme ruler: the titles ''furst, herczog, rex'', and ''dux'' are preceded by the adjectives ''gross, obirster, supremus'', and ''magnus''.〔In Greek, Algirdas even used the imperial title ''basileus'', although Byzantine scribes referred to him as ''reks'' or ''megas rex'', terms they applied to Catholic princes. Rowell, 66.〕 The Lithuanian rulers' various titles are all attempts to convey both supremacy over lower rulers, and independence of any higher ruler. The term ''kunigas'' is cognate with German ''König''.〔 Algirdas, who had married Uliana, daughter of Alexander I, grand prince of Tver, had been the first Lithuanian ruler to style himself ''velikii kniaz'', a Rus'ian equivalent of his Lithuanian title, perhaps also signifying his rule in the Rus' lands under his control. He also called himself ''magnus rex'' and ''supremus princeps''.〔 Rather than ''didysis kunigaikštis'', many of Jogaila's subjects would have called him ''hospodar'', the title used, for example, by the rulers of Moldavia. The medieval Lithuanian grand dukes ruled in a similar way to the Russian grand princes (the title ''didysis kunigaikštis'' is equivalent to the Russian ''velikii kniaz'', the Slavic ''kniaz'' being like the Baltic ''kunigaikštis'' a cognate of ''König''). They headed a loose confederation whose constituent parts were ruled by lesser leaders. In effect, the grand duke acted as ''primus inter pares'' within a dynasty, with other members of the dynasty ruling constituent parts of the state. Whichever way the lesser Lithuanian princes styled themselves, they always acknowledged the supremacy of the grand-ducal office.〔"We shall follow Giedroyc in defining as dukes rulers 'of an independent polity... with an allegiance to a higher regnal power' and call prince 'any person related by blood to a ruler'. The head of this hierarchy is the grand duke (in Lithuanian ''didysis kunigaikštis'' and in Russian ''velikii kniaz'')." Rowell, p 50,〕 Although a special place was reserved in the hierarchy for the two princes who ruled the Lithuanian duchies, other princes would collaborate in state matters such as the negotiation of treaties.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Names and titles of Władysław II Jagiełło」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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